Knowledge Resources

Resources

This contains a variety of cross-industry general technical guidelines and basic knowledge.

All Questions

How Does A High-Precision Knife Coater Ensure Product Quality? Precision Coating For Consistent Drug Delivery

Learn how high-precision knife coaters ensure transdermal patch quality through micron-level gap control and uniform drug loading.

Why Use A Mixing Rotor For Degassing Transdermal Patch Solutions? Ensure Dosage Accuracy And Coating Integrity.

Learn how mixing rotors prevent coating voids and ensure precise dosage in transdermal patch manufacturing for high-quality pharmaceutical results.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Clsm For Rhodamine B Penetration? Achieve High-Resolution 3D Skin Depth Analysis

Discover how Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) offers superior optical sectioning and 3D mapping for tracking Rhodamine B in skin layers.

What Primary Research Challenge Does Hplc Address In Transdermal Drug Delivery? Precise Trace Quantification

Learn how HPLC overcomes challenges in transdermal research by detecting trace drug amounts, calculating flux, and ensuring precise permeation analysis.

Why Is A Constant Temperature Heating Circulator Required During Transdermal Permeation Experiments? Gain Accurate Data

Learn why constant temperature heating circulators are essential for precise Franz diffusion cell tests and skin permeation accuracy.

What Function Does The Vertical Franz Diffusion Cell Serve In Caffeine Permeation Research? Precision Skin Simulation

Learn how the vertical Franz diffusion cell simulates the skin barrier to measure caffeine permeation, flux, and transdermal delivery efficiency.

Why Is It Necessary To Prevent Transdermal Medicinal Pastes From Drying Out? Ensure Effective Drug Delivery & Safety

Learn why moisture is critical for transdermal drug delivery to maintain diffusion, prevent solidification, and avoid skin irritation.

How Does Liposome Technology Address The Stratum Corneum Barrier? Unlock Advanced Herbal Transdermal Delivery

Learn how liposome technology mimics skin biology to bypass the stratum corneum, delivering herbal compounds deep into tissues and joints.

What Are The Advantages Of Semi-Solid Herbal Delivery Systems Vs Liquid Liniments? Boost Joint Treatment Efficiency

Discover why semi-solid delivery systems outperform liquid liniments for joint swelling through superior adhesion and sustained absorption.

What Role Do Vertical Franz Diffusion Cells Play In Assessing Ha-Atra Copolymers? Validate Transdermal Carrier Efficacy

Learn how vertical Franz diffusion cells simulate human skin to validate HA-ATRA copolymer penetration and quantify carrier effectiveness.

How Are Ich-Standard Stability Chambers Used To Verify Ha-Atra Copolymers? Ensure Shelf Life And Chemical Integrity

Learn how ICH-standard stability chambers use accelerated aging at 40°C/75% RH to predict HA-ATRA copolymer shelf life and storage needs.

Why Are Syringe Filters Essential For Transdermal Drug Analysis? Protect Your Hplc Columns And Data Integrity

Learn why 0.45µm PVDF syringe filters are critical in transdermal drug testing to prevent column clogging and ensure precise HPLC analytical data.

What Is The Role Of An Ultrasonic Homogenizer In Analyzing Drug Accumulation Within The Skin? Ensure Accurate Extraction

Learn how ultrasonic homogenizers use cavitation to extract drug residues from skin tissue, improving recovery rates and HPLC analysis accuracy.

What Advantages Does A Modified Franz Diffusion Cell Offer For Film-Forming Systems? Key To Precision Transdermal R&D

Discover how modified Franz diffusion cells simulate phase changes and quantify drug flux for superior transdermal film-forming system evaluation.

Why Is A Dynamometer Equipped With Pneumatic Grips Necessary For Testing The Young’s Modulus? Achieve Accurate Data.

Learn why pneumatic grips are essential for testing thin polymer films. Prevent sample slippage and ensure accurate Young’s modulus data integrity.

How Is A Probe Tack Tester Utilized To Evaluate The Adhesion Performance Of Transdermal Films? Ensure Quality & Efficacy

Learn how Probe Tack Testers measure transdermal film stickiness and stress values to ensure clinical adhesion and prevent clothing transfer.

What Are The Selection Criteria For Dialysis Bags Used In In Vitro Drug Release Experiments? Expert Guide To Mwco.

Select the right dialysis bag for in vitro drug release. Learn how MWCO, material, and surface area ensure accurate sustained-release kinetic data.

What Is The Function Of Iron (Iii) Chloride Solution In Drug Diffusion Studies? Visualizing Transdermal Absorption

Learn how Iron (III) chloride acts as a chromogenic agent to visualize drug diffusion paths and quantify flux in transdermal research.

Why Is The Strat-M Synthetic Membrane Considered A Superior Skin-Mimicking Consumable? Standardize Your R&D Testing.

Learn why Strat-M membranes are the gold standard for ultrasonic drug delivery testing, offering superior consistency and human skin mimicry.

What Critical Functions Does Polyethylene Oxide (Peo) Hydrogel Perform? Enhancing Transdermal Drug Delivery Accuracy

Discover how PEO hydrogel acts as a drug reservoir and acoustic coupling medium to optimize transdermal drug delivery and simulation accuracy.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Silver Nanocluster Hydrogels? Enhance Efficacy In Transdermal Delivery

Discover how integrating silver nanoclusters into hydrogels stabilizes optical signals and enhances antimicrobial action for medical applications.

What Is The Primary Function Of Methylcellulose In Transdermal Patches? Key To Controlled Release & Matrix Stability.

Learn how methylcellulose acts as a film-forming matrix in transdermal patches, ensuring structural support, drug encapsulation, and controlled release.

How Does Turpentine Oil Function As A Penetration Enhancer? Boost Transdermal Drug Delivery Efficiency

Learn how turpentine oil enhances transdermal drug delivery by fluidizing lipid structures and increasing Cmax and AUC in patch formulations.

How Do Histological Sectioning And H&E Staining Ensure Transdermal Safety? Master The Gold Standard For Skin Validation

Learn how H&E staining and histological sectioning provide essential cellular-level proof for the safety of transdermal drug delivery systems.

What Is The Purpose Of Dye Tracers Like Patent Violet Blue In Transdermal Drug Delivery? Visualizing Permeability

Learn how dye tracers like Patent Violet Blue validate vascular permeability and optimize transdermal delivery techniques like electroporation.

In What Way Do Skin Impedance Measurement Systems Assist In Transdermal Drug Delivery? Prove Your Pathway Efficiency

Learn how skin impedance measurement systems validate aqueous pathway formation and micropore creation to optimize transdermal drug delivery.

How Is A Tewl Meter Used To Evaluate Transdermal Formulations? Assessing Skin Barrier Integrity And Safety

Learn how TEWL meters measure water evaporation to evaluate skin barrier impact, safety, and the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery systems.

What Is The Function Of Phosphate Buffer As A Coupling Medium In The Physical Enhancement Of Transdermal Drug Delivery? Explained

Learn how phosphate buffers maintain pH stability, prevent skin irritation, and stabilize drug charges to optimize physical transdermal delivery.

What Technical Advantages Do Lc-Ms/Ms & C18 Columns Offer For Transdermal Drug Analysis? High Sensitivity & Early Data

Learn how LC-MS/MS and C18 columns improve transdermal drug analysis with ultra-low detection limits and precise early-stage pharmacokinetic data.

What Is The Primary Function Of Strat-M Synthetic Membranes? Achieve Accurate In Vitro Skin Permeation Modeling

Learn how Strat-M synthetic membranes serve as a human skin surrogate to ensure accurate, consistent, and repeatable transdermal formulation testing.

Why Is Hplc With A C18 Column Necessary For Transdermal Studies? Key To Accurate Permeation Data & Trace Api Analysis

Learn why HPLC C18 columns are essential for transdermal studies to quantify trace APIs, eliminate skin interference, and ensure data integrity.

What Role Does The Franz-Type Diffusion Cell Play In Evaluating Transdermal Drug Delivery? Master Skin Permeation Testing

Learn how Franz-type diffusion cells simulate skin permeation to measure drug flux, release kinetics, and transdermal patch performance accurately.

How Does A Constant Temperature Stability Chamber Contribute To Predicting The Shelf-Life Of Minoxidil Emulgel?

Learn how stability chambers use accelerated aging and ICH guidelines to predict Minoxidil emulgel shelf-life and ensure product stability.

What Is The Technical Logic Behind Selecting Semipermeable Barrier Membranes? Optimize In Vitro Drug Release Accuracy

Understand how selective semipermeability simulates biological barriers and isolates drug release rates in Franz diffusion experiments for better R&D.

What Role Does The Franz Diffusion Cell Play In Minoxidil Absorption? Master Transdermal Testing For Hair Loss Products

Learn how the Franz Diffusion Cell simulates physiological skin barriers to validate Minoxidil delivery and optimize transdermal formulations.

How Is Uv-Visible Spectrophotometry Applied To Verify Drug Content Uniformity In Transdermal Patches? Ensuring Precision

Learn how UV-Visible Spectrophotometry measures drug concentration in transdermal patches to ensure uniformity, safety, and regulatory compliance.

What Is The Significance Of The Franz Diffusion Cell? Essential Data For Transdermal Patch Development

Learn how Franz diffusion cells simulate skin permeation to optimize drug flux, validate enhancers, and de-risk transdermal product development.

How Is A Laboratory Desiccator Used To Evaluate The Moisture-Related Stability Of Transdermal Patches? Master Testing

Learn how desiccators simulate humidity and dry conditions to evaluate moisture content and uptake, ensuring transdermal patch quality and stability.

Why Is A Deaeration Step Critical During The Production Of High-Quality Transdermal Films? Ensure Dosage Precision

Learn why deaeration is essential for transdermal films to prevent structural weakness, ensure uniform thickness, and stabilize drug release rates.

What Role Does Magnetic Stirring Play In The Solvent Casting Process For Transdermal Patches? Ensure Precise Drug Delivery

Discover how magnetic stirring ensures homogenization, prevents drug precipitation, and guarantees consistent dosage in transdermal patch production.

How Does Ftir Ensure Transdermal Patch Stability? Master Chemical Integrity In Formulation & R&D

Learn how FTIR spectroscopy validates chemical stability in transdermal patches by monitoring ingredient interactions and preventing drug degradation.

Why Is Evaporation Under Reduced Pressure Necessary For Plant Extracts? Preserve Potency In Transdermal Patches

Learn how low-temperature vacuum evaporation protects heat-sensitive phytochemicals and ensures the purity of transdermal drug delivery systems.

What Is The Function Of A Soxhlet Apparatus? Maximize Phytochemical Potency For Effective Transdermal Patches

Learn how the Soxhlet apparatus uses continuous reflux and siphoning to extract high-potency phytochemicals for superior transdermal formulations.

Why Are Cellulose Membranes Used As Controls In Transdermal Patch Testing? Ensure Precision In Drug Delivery R&D

Learn how cellulose membranes act as a zero-resistance control to standardize drug release, adhesion, and quality in transdermal patch development.

What Is The Role Of Hplc In Transdermal Drug Delivery Analysis? Ensuring Precision In Patch Efficacy And R&D

Learn how HPLC ensures accurate drug permeation flux measurement and quality control for transdermal patches and delivery systems.

Why Is Stratum Corneum Stripping Performed Using Medical Tape? Master Transdermal Patch Rate-Limiting Step Analysis

Learn how SC-stripping with medical tape isolates rate-limiting steps to ensure consistent drug delivery and safety in transdermal patch design.

What Is The Significance Of Horizontal Glass Diffusion Cells In Ivpt? Master Precise Transdermal Testing

Learn why horizontal glass diffusion cells are vital for IVPT, simulating skin barriers and ensuring accurate transdermal drug delivery metrics.

What Are The Applications Of High-Resolution Sem In Failure Analysis? Expert Insights For Transdermal Formulations

Discover how high-resolution SEM identifies membrane failure, drug crystallization, and pore degradation in transdermal patch formulations.

What Role Does A Dc Power Supply With Ag/Agcl Electrodes Play In Transdermal Research? Precision Delivery Insights

Explore how DC power systems and Ag/AgCl electrodes drive active transdermal drug delivery research with precision, stability, and controlled kinetics.

Why Is The Iontophoresis Process Utilized To Assess The Permeation Of Ionic Drugs? Master Active Transdermal Delivery

Learn how iontophoresis overcomes chemical barriers for ionic drugs like capsaicin through electrical repulsion and electroosmotic flow.

What Is The Function Of Uhmwpe Microporous Membranes In Tds? Achieve Precise Rate-Controlled Drug Delivery

Learn how UHMWPE microporous membranes act as a rate-controlling barrier in transdermal systems, ensuring steady and predictable drug release.

Is The Absorption Of Transdermal Patches Affected By Gastrointestinal Status? Bypass Gut Issues With Enokon

Learn why transdermal patches bypass the digestive system, ensuring stable drug absorption regardless of vomiting or gastric motility issues.

What Physical Structures Within A Hormone Transdermal Patch Facilitate Controlled Drug Release? | Enokon Experts

Learn how polymer matrices, reservoir layers, and rate-limiting membranes in transdermal patches ensure stable, controlled drug delivery.

How Do Transdermal Patches Improve Patient Adherence In Endometriosis? Boost Compliance With Simplified Weekly Dosing

Learn how transdermal patches improve endometriosis treatment adherence by reducing dosing frequency and providing continuous delivery for better care.

What Is The Significance Of Centrifugal Filter Units In Synovial Fluid Processing? Optimize Samples For Precise Research

Learn how centrifugal filter units enhance biochemical analysis of synovial fluid through protein enrichment and removal of interfering substances.

What Physiological Process Does A Semi-Permeable Membrane Simulate? Enhancing In Vitro Skin Absorption Studies

Learn how semi-permeable membranes simulate passive skin diffusion to validate the sustained release and bioavailability of drug-loaded hydrogels.

How Are Electrocardiographs And Biochemical Analyzers Used To Evaluate The Safety Of New Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems?

Learn how ECG and biochemical analyzers monitor cardiac, liver, and kidney safety during transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) toxicity testing.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Rotational Viscometer To Test Nlc Gels? Optimize Formulation And Performance

Learn how rotational viscometers measure rheology, shear thinning, and thixotropy in NLC gels to ensure ideal spreadability and drug delivery.

Why Is Triethanolamine Added During The Formation Of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (Nlc) Gels? Key To Stable Gelation

Learn how Triethanolamine acts as a neutralizing agent to transform NLC dispersions into stable, skin-safe gels by activating Carbomer networks.

What Is The Role Of High-Purity Carbomer 940 As A Gel Matrix In Nlc Topical Gels? Optimize Your Formula Stability

Learn how Carbomer 940 transforms NLC dispersions into semi-solid gels, enhancing viscosity, skin retention, and patient compliance.

What Function Does A Mechanical Stirrer Serve In Nlc Preparation? Essential Steps For Stable Pre-Emulsions

Learn why mechanical stirring is critical for NLC preparation, focusing on uniform lipid dispersion and effective pre-emulsification.

Why Is An Industrial High-Pressure Homogenizer Necessary For Nlc? Achieve Stable Nanometric Reduction

Learn why high-pressure homogenizers are essential for NLC preparation, ensuring nanometer scale, high stability, and superior drug loading.

What Role Does A Constant Temperature Water Bath Play In Lxm-Nlc Screening? Optimize Your Thermal Formulation Strategy

Learn how constant temperature water baths ensure phase integrity and accurate solubility data for Lornoxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carriers.

What Is The Function Of The Rate-Controlling Membrane In A Membrane-Moderated Transdermal Patch System? - Stable Delivery

Learn how rate-controlling membranes ensure zero-order drug release in transdermal patches, maintaining stable dosage and preventing toxicity spikes.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Thin-Film Evaporators And Ultrasonic Disruptors? Key Steps For Nano-Vesicle Success

Learn how thin-film evaporators and ultrasonic disruptors work together to create high-performance transdermal carriers like ethosomes.

Why Is High-Shear Stirring Equipment Necessary When Preparing Transdermal Gels Using Polysaccharide Materials?

Discover why high-shear stirring is vital for dispersing chitosan in transdermal gels to ensure uniform networks and efficient drug delivery.

Why Are Laboratory-Grade Hydraulic Presses Used To Process Fixed Oils? Ensure Potency In Transdermal Systems

Learn why hydraulic presses are essential for cold-pressing fatty acids like EPA and DHA to preserve molecular integrity for transdermal delivery.

What Is The Role Of Industrial Steam Distillation Equipment In Oil Extraction? Enhance Transdermal Patch Efficacy

Learn how industrial steam distillation extracts high-quality essential oils for transdermal products, enhancing drug penetration and bioactivity.

What Experimental Conditions Does A Photostability Testing Chamber Provide? Ensuring Durability Of Transdermal Products

Discover how photostability chambers use high-intensity light (4,500 Lux) to test the oxidation resistance of transdermal preparation carriers.

Why Is Hplc Required For Transdermal Formulation Analysis? Ensure Scientific Precision In Patch Stability & R&D

Discover why HPLC is vital for transdermal analysis: it ensures drug stability, quantifies skin penetration, and provides accurate kinetic data.

What Are The Advantages Of Gel Filtration For Lipid Vesicle Ee? Protect Structural Integrity And Accuracy

Learn how gel filtration micro-column centrifugation protects lipid vesicles and ensures precise encapsulation efficiency measurements.

Why Is Tem Essential For Nano-Carrier Structural Identification? Ensure Transdermal Delivery Success With Microscopy

Discover why TEM is the definitive tool for validating nano-carrier structure, encapsulation, and stability in transdermal delivery systems.

What Is The Technical Value Of Using A High-Pressure Homogenizer In The Processing Of Lipid Vesicle Emulsions?

Discover how high-pressure homogenization creates stable nanocarriers, reduces particle size, and optimizes transdermal penetration for emulsions.

How Does A High-Performance Dynamic Light Scattering (Dls) Analyzer Contribute To The Characterization Of Lipid Vesicles?

Learn how DLS analyzers measure hydrodynamic diameter and PDI to verify the stability and transdermal efficacy of lipid vesicle formulations.

Why Is A High-Sensitivity Conductivity Meter Necessary For Span60-Rh40? Pinpoint Critical Micelle Breakpoints Effortlessly

Learn why high-sensitivity conductivity meters are vital for detecting microstructural phase changes and vesicle formation in non-ionic systems.

What Are The Specific Applications Of Hplc In Nanoemulgel R&D? Optimize Your Transdermal Drug Delivery Research

Discover how HPLC ensures formulation quality, quantifies API permeation, and validates pharmacokinetic data in nanoemulgel development.

Why Is A Ph Meter Necessary For The Quality Control Of Nanoemulgels Intended For Skin Application? Ensure Safety & Stability

Learn why pH meters are vital for nanoemulgel quality control, ensuring skin compatibility, gelling agent activation, and long-term product stability.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) For Nanoemulgels? Ensure Formulation Integrity

Discover how SEM validates nanoemulgel encapsulation, stability, and microstructure to ensure high-performance drug delivery systems.

Why Are Surfactants And Co-Surfactants Essential In The Nanoemulsification Process For Transdermal Products? Key Roles.

Learn how surfactants and co-surfactants stabilize nanoemulsions, reduce surface tension, and enhance skin penetration for transdermal drug delivery.

What Are The Key Functions Of Gelling Agents In A Nanoemulgel? Enhance Stability And Transdermal Delivery

Learn how gelling agents like Carbomer create 3D networks in nanoemulgels to prevent leakage, stabilize oil droplets, and boost drug penetration.

What Role Do Franz Diffusion Cells Play In The Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Of Nanoemulgels? Essential Data For Transdermal R&D

Learn how Franz diffusion cells simulate skin permeation to quantify transdermal flux and release kinetics for nanoemulgel drug delivery systems.

How Does A Rotational Viscometer Evaluate Nanoemulgel Clinical Performance? Optimize Drug Delivery And Compliance

Learn how rotational viscometry predicts nanoemulgel clinical success by measuring rheology, viscosity, and drug release kinetics.

Which Physiological Functions Are Monitored By Automated Biochemical Analyzers? Ensuring Safe Transdermal Drug Delivery

Discover how biochemical analyzers monitor liver and kidney functions via ALT, AST, and CRE to ensure the safety of transdermal drug delivery systems.

Why Are High-Precision Microtomes Necessary For Transdermal Drug Toxicity Evaluation? Ensure Accuracy & Safety.

Learn how high-precision microtomes ensure accurate subchronic toxicity assessments for transdermal drug delivery systems through precise sectioning.

What Is The Application Of The Tape Stripping Technique In Skin Permeation Studies? Precision Skin Barrier Analysis

Learn how tape stripping analyzes drug distribution, barrier function, and bioequivalence to optimize transdermal patch formulations and R&D.

Why Is It Necessary To Use A 0.45 Μm Microporous Membrane To Filter Samples Before Analysis? Ensure Data Accuracy.

Learn why 0.45 μm filtration is vital for HPLC and GC. Prevent equipment clogging, stabilize signal baselines, and ensure accurate analytical results.

How Does Isopropyl Myristate (Ipm) Contribute To The Performance Of Liquid Crystal Drug Delivery Systems? Dual-Action

Discover how Isopropyl Myristate (IPM) acts as a structural anchor and permeation enhancer to optimize liquid crystal drug delivery and absorption.

What Is The Primary Application Of An Hplc-Uv System In Cbd Research? Enhance Your Formulation Precision

Learn how HPLC-UV systems analyze CBD permeation in skin tissues, ensuring precise quantitative data for advanced transdermal formulation research.

Why Is A 0.45 Μm Microporous Filter Membrane Made Of Pp Or Pvdf Required When Analyzing Cbd Solubility? Key To Accuracy

Learn why 0.45 μm PP/PVDF filters are essential for CBD solubility tests to ensure data integrity and protect HPLC instruments from clogging.

What Is The Function Of The Modified Franz Diffusion Cell In In Vitro Cbd Experiments? Key To Transdermal Formulation

Learn how modified Franz diffusion cells simulate physiological barriers to measure CBD flux and permeation for optimized drug delivery solutions.

What Alternative Administration Routes Are Used For Chronic Beta-Blocker Therapy When Oral Ingestion Is Not Possible? Ng & Iv

Learn how nasogastric and IV routes maintain beta-blocker therapy during surgery to prevent tachycardia and ensure hemodynamic stability.

Why Use A 0.2-Micron Nylon Syringe Filter For Hplc? Ensure Peak Protection And Data Integrity

Learn why 0.2-micron nylon filters are essential for HPLC to prevent column clogs, eliminate ghost peaks, and extend instrument lifespan.

Function Of High-Precision Dermatome In Transdermal Models: Standardizing Skin Thickness For Research Accuracy

Learn how high-precision dermatomes standardize skin thickness to ensure accurate drug permeation data and reproducible transdermal delivery results.

What Is The Core Function Of A Vertical Glass Franz Diffusion Cell? Essential Guide To In Vitro Permeation Testing

Discover how Franz diffusion cells simulate skin permeation to measure drug transport rates and ensure accurate transdermal drug delivery R&D.

Why Are Industrial-Grade Dialysis Bags Required For Silk Fibroin Extraction? Ensuring Purity For Transdermal Products

Learn how industrial-grade dialysis bags remove toxic salts like LiBr from silk fibroin to ensure biocompatibility for transdermal delivery systems.

How Do Vernier Calipers And Volume Displacement Provide Evidence For Anti-Inflammatory Effects? Quantifying Edema Reduction

Learn how Vernier calipers and volume displacement methods provide quantitative data on anti-inflammatory efficacy through precise edema measurement.

How Does A Precision Microtome Contribute To The Histopathological Evaluation Of Joint Tissue Damage? Expert Analysis

Learn how precision microtomes enable accurate 10μm tissue slicing for staining, observing cartilage repair and drug efficacy in joint pathology.

What Is The Function Of Triethanolamine (Tea) During The Ph Adjustment Of Nanoemulgels? Expert Formulation Insights

Learn how Triethanolamine (TEA) triggers gelation and ensures skin compatibility in nanoemulgels by neutralizing acidic polymers for stability.

What Advantages Do Carbomer 934 And Cmc Provide In Nanoemulgels? Optimize Transdermal Drug Delivery

Discover how Carbomer 934 and CMC enhance nanoemulgels through superior stability, controlled drug release, and improved patient bioadhesion.

What Is The Significance Of The Nanoscale Laser Particle Size Analyzer In Essential Oil R&D? Validating Nano-Formulations

Learn how nanoscale laser particle size analyzers ensure essential oil stability and quality through precise PDI and droplet size measurements.